Based on the Russian Revolution, Animal Farm by George Orwell

The day the power of love overrules the love of power, the world will know peace. by Mahatma Gandhi, says that power is one of the most important things in life. Power is a natural instinct, in many cases it is very ugly, it brings out the worst in people, because of this it is not usually addressed. Every day people try to suppress the urges of power, but many times power overcomes them, and they become hideous and cruel. In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, we see a terrible dictatorship based on the Russian Revolution. The pigs on Animal Farm instantly became the leaders of the farm. â€Å"The pigs did not actually work, but directed the others with their superior knowledge it was natural to assume their leadership (Orwell 19). After Jones leaves, the animals work together trying to make the farm a better place for animals. Shortly after the overthrow of the farm the pigs start learning how to read and write. The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones children (Orwell 17). The pigs, with knowledge, started to brainwash the animals, leading them to believe that Comrade Napoleon was a brave and glorious leader, and would make sure that they would get through hard times. Comrade Napoleon was none of those, he was harsh and vindictive. He took the dogs puppies, trained them, and they soon became his guard. 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Guatemala’s Presidential Election and Security as People’s...

Poverty and crime are common in Guatemala; it has one of the worst crime rates in Latin America. Forty-three percent of children under the age of five are chronically malnourished and the murder rate last year was forty-two per a hundred thousand people—one of the highest in the world. Presidential elections in Guatemala ended on Sunday, November sixth of this year. The elections were base on the voters’ concerns for security. After suffering through more than a few decades of military dictatorship and civil war, this country of about thirteen million people craved for a leader who would provide them with safety. They wanted a leader who would get them off the list of being one of the countries with the highest murder rates in Latin†¦show more content†¦Being the first military man to be taken into consideration for governing since the peace accords were established in 1996, Molina would not normally be the favorite at the voting polls. However, his military background did not appear to be a problem during his campaign. Liberal voters voiced their uneasiness over the vision of a â€Å"tough-talking military man† in charge. Nevertheless, others saw Molina’s military experience as an advantage during a violence crisis. â€Å"We want the mano dura,† said Olga Alicia Argueta, leader of the vendors association at a crowded market in Guatemala. â€Å"A soldier brings his methods to take hard actions, and that’s what our country needs.† The vendors, like many other Guatemalans elsewhere, sound almost as a single voice when asked what their top concerns were on the day before the election. Their answer: security, security, and security. Molina’s campaign against crime boosted his popularity as the Prensa Libre announced that the killings in Guatemala City run about twelve a day only. Riding the bus in the main city can be a dangerous exercise and gun-wielding thieves frequently step on board to rob, and often shoot, drivers and passengers. Whilst in the northern countryside, the coming of Mexico’s most vicious gang—the Zetas—have added a petrifying new aspect to Guatemala’s old drug underworld. Molina accused President Alvaro Colom—the man who defeated him in the

Principles and practice of mental health nursing Free Essays

string(158) " Client may come up with thought like: I am not good at preparing speeches; I will make a fool of myself, or what will people think if I say the wrong thing\." Introduction This essay will discuss the development of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and its role in mental health nursing. A brief definition of CBT will be given, and treatment modalities used before the advent of CBT for the treatment of anxiety will be explored. The essay will evaluate the principles and practice of CBT, and equate this with the recovery process. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles and practice of mental health nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The essay will also explore two CBT approaches that can be use to work with anxiety. The limitations of CBT will be discussed, likewise the relevance CBT to mental health nursing. The essay will be concluded by highlighting the learning I derived by writing this essay. CBT is an umbrella classification of the different approaches in psychotherapy treatment which helps patients to understand how their thoughts and feelings influence their behaviour. CBT is evidenced based, collaborative, structured, time limited, and empirical in approach (Westbrook et al, 2007). According the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence CG22 guideline, (2010) it should be recommended to patient and carers for the management of major mental health problems. The CBT process normalise recovery which is important in therapeutic alliance as oppose to the medical model of care which pathologies recovery. The socialization process fit with that of the recovery model both of which are patient centred, giving hope and optimism to the patient, and using a set of outcomes set by the patients (Till, U. 2007). According to Hersen, M (2008), the earliest origin of CBT can be traced back to the times of Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BC) and Epictetus (A.D. 50-138) both of whose work reflected the concept of CBT in their teaching. CBT was developed from two parts way: ‘Behaviourism’ and ‘Psychoanalysis’ Behavioural therapy was developed from the principles of animal learning to humans from two main principles called classical and operant conditioning (Shawe-Taylor Rigby, 1999). Classical conditioning theory was based on the work of Pavlov (1927) while â€Å"Operant Conditioning† theory was based on the work of Skinner (1938). Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud and looks at the functioning and behaviour of human. BT arose as a response to the psychodynamic image, when Freudian psychoanalysis was questioned for its lack of a scientific base. The application of behavioural science resulted in merging CT BT approaches, resulting to the treatment of anxiety disorder and inappropriate behaviours, and little progress in depression and psychosis (Shawe-Taylor and Rigby, 1999). However, the failure and criticism following the use of strict behavioural concept to explain complex behaviour brought about the emergence of the cognitive behavioural therapy. The major difference between the two approaches is the inclusion of the meditational approach in CT. (Hersen, M and Gross, A. 2008). Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007) was one of the treatment approach used during this period. CT was developed in the 1960’s by Aaron Beck, and this approach became popular for its effective treatment of depression. The significant result from the merge of BT CT was the outcome of treatment for panic disorder by both Clark and Barlow in the UK and US respectively. Their combination in the 80’s and 90’s has resulted in CBT being a sort after therapy for mental health disorders. Anxiety is an example of a mental health problem. Anxiety is a common and treatable mental health disorders which manifest as feelings of uneasiness such as worry or fear which could be mild or severe, and a normal part of human condition Barker (2009). The feelings of fear and worry are sometimes helpful in psychologically preparing us to face the problem and physically triggering the flight and flight response. This affects 1 in every 10 people (RCPSYCH, 2010). The major types of anxiety disorder are: generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post traumatic stress disorder and social phobia or social anxiety disorder. The symptoms of anxiety manifest through the mind via frequent worries, lacking concentration, feeling irritable, feeling tired and sleeping badly. While in the body symptoms include palpitations, sweating, muscle tension, fast breathing and faintness (RCPSYCH, 2010). Social anxiety disorder is use for discussion in this essay. Treatment modalities before the coming of CBT include those from psychoanalysis and Behaviourism. Anxiety treatments available before CBT include: refraining people from excess exercise in other not to increase the strain on the nervous system, administering Strychnine, arsenic and quinine and applying a white hot iron along the spine in severe cases. Exposure treatment which is still being use till date, use of Radionics by attaching patients to various devices with the belief that healthy energy is vibrated to unhealthy parts of the body, Use of Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT), and the use of Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) facilitating drugs. Insulin shock therapy was also used (Marlowe, J 2011) Cognitive approaches use in working with social anxiety is: cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy. Cognitive restructuring according to Heimberg and Becker (2002) is the identification and challenging of irrational thoughts, which include beliefs, assumptions and expectations and replacing them with those that are rational, realistic and adaptive. The principle is not only challenging the negative thinking pattern that contribute to the anxiety, it also helps to replace them with more positive and realistic thought pattern by suggesting alternatives and by reinforcing the client belief in the alternative interpretations and ideas suggested (Norman and Ryrie, 2009). For a person having a fear of public speaking in social anxiety disorder, the way he or she feels is not determined by the situation but by his or her perception of the situation, thus the thought, emotion and behaviour is important in therapy. The therapist, in collaboration with the client uses the situation-emotion-thought-behaviour (SETB) to structure how the treatment will go. Cognitive restructuring is done in three steps, with full collaboration between the client and the therapist after building up a working therapeutic relationship. The first step is identifying the content and occurrence of the unhelpful thought. The therapist will ask the client to write down his or her thoughts, using thought monitoring records. Client may come up with thought like: I am not good at preparing speeches; I will make a fool of myself, or what will people think if I say the wrong thing. You read "Principles and practice of mental health nursing" in category "Essay examples" The therapist sta rting question could be, â€Å"If we could make one thought go away, which one will you choose to make a difference in the way you feel†, or â€Å"what is the worst thing that could happen?† Such questions are asked to uncover underlying fear. (Norman and Ryrie, 2009, Padesky and Greenberger, 1995).The second step is challenging the negative thoughts. Here, the therapist will help to dispel the irrational thoughts and beliefs to loose much of its power over the patient at this stage. The third step is replacing the negative thoughts with realistic thoughts which are more accurate and positive, with the therapist teaching the client about realistic calming statements he/ she can say when such anxious situation comes up. Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioural therapy use to treat social anxiety. It was developed by Joseph Wolpe, a South African psychiatrist. Systematic desensitization also called graded exposure, is the process of facing the anxiety or fear producing triggers from the less feared to the most dreaded ones, and the pre – planned grading of the triggers for exposure is referred to as â€Å"hierarchy† while habituation is â€Å"the reduction of anxiety over time when a person encounters an anxiety or fear – provoking trigger without the use of safety behaviours† (Norman and Ryrie, 2009). Systematic desensitization helps a client to gradually challenge his or her fears or anxiety, build confidence over time and master skills for controlling his or her anxiety. The process involves the therapist first teaching the client some relaxation techniques like deep muscle relaxation and assesses their ability to utilise this. For example, a person who is a nxious of facing the public and due to give a lecture, the step is to create a hierarchy of the anxiety or fear experience. The questions the therapist can ask to evoke triggers are: â€Å"What places, thing or people make you uncomfortableâ€Å"What brings your fear/anxiety/worry on(Norman and Ryrie, 2009). Then the therapist ask the client to set an exposure task according to his hierarchy of triggers, which should be graded, focused, repeated, and prolonged using the daily exposure diary. The client then work through the list with the guardian of the therapist, and the goal is to stay in each situation until the anxiety or fear subsides. The whole process is carried out with both parties collaborating together to achieve the goal, first through â€Å"in vivo exposure, such as imagining giving a speech and when the situation become easier, then the client progresses to the situation in the real world. The use of home work is also use. Despite all the good attributes associated with CBT, it is not without its own limitations. CBT is very complex to implement having a poor outcome with substance users who have a higher level of cognitive impairment (Patient UK). The availability of well trained and experienced qualified therapist is hard to get in the rural communities (Robertson, 2010). CBT does not work for everybody, and requires high commitment from the patient who see the home work as difficult and challenging (Patient UK). Some aspects of CBT therapy cannot be applied on people with learning disability and language is a barrier for those who English is not their first language. Nurses interact and undertake more roles with patient, and they are the first contact complaints are made to, which could give them an opportunity to offer CBT skills in the nursing process if it was incorporated in their training. (Padesky and Greenberger, 1995) Thus, the teaching of basic CBT skills is now being incorporated into the curriculum of the Mental Health Nursing pre/post registration programme. According to Gournay, K (2005), mental health nurses are now taking up challenging roles in management and nurse prescribing, giving advantage of freeing up the psychiatrist to undertake the more complex cases. The case for a nurse cognitive-behavioural therapist has been made glaring by the shortage of qualified therapist as a result of the widening evidence base for the approach and the recommendation by the NICE guidance for the provision of CBT for the treatment of hallucination and delusions (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2002). As recovery is all about inspiri ng hope to the patients, the mental health nurses will be better equipped to offer a person centred care required for patient recovery. The incorporation of CBT to mental health nurses curriculum will prepare nurses to be more collaborative in approach, and allow patients to have more input in their care which will improve the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient and make nurses more approachable. With the advent of computer based CBT, the need for patients to meet with the therapist on a one on one basis is reduced, thus addressing the shortages of therapist and opening a new window for the people who are depressed or withdrawn to use the approach. (Robertson, 2010). There is prospect for mental health nursing considering the boost in career prospect this will bring to the profession and their position in the multidisciplinary team. This assignment has been an eye opener for me as a mental health student. It has exposed me to various issues in mental health, past present. And given me the opportunity to plan ahead of the future in shaping my direction in the profession. The essay has also given me the opportunity to know about the history of CBT and the various treatment approaches used before its era. It has given me the opportunity to see the interrelationship between CBT and recovery in care practice and also shown me that CBT skills will greatly enhance the quality of care provided by the mental health nurse. CBT should be made mandatory for all mental health nurses as a matter of necessity. REFERENCES Barker, P. (Ed) (2009) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The craft of caring 2nd edn. London: Hodder Arnold. Gournay, k. (2005) ‘The changing face of psychiatric nursing: revisiting mental health nursing’, Advances in psychiatry treatment, 11, pp. 6-11 RCPSYCH (Online). Available at: http://www.apt.rcpsch.org/cgi/c Hersen, M. and Gross, A. (2008) Handbook of Clinical Psychology. Volume 1. John Wiley Sons. Heimberg, R. and Becker, R. (2002) Cognitive-behavioural group therapy for social phobia: basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. 1st edt. New York: Guilford Press. Marlowe, J. (2011) ‘Historical treatments for anxiety’ (Online). Available at: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5681571_hist. Norman, I. and Ryrie, I. (2009) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing. 2nd edn. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. National Institute for health and clinical excellence (2010) Summary of cognitive behavioural therapy interventions recommended by NICE. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/usingguidance/com Padesky,C. and Greenberger, D. (1995) Clinicians Guide to Mind Over Mood. London. Guilford Press. Patient UK (2011) what is cognitive-behavioural therapyAvailable at: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/cognitive- RCPSYCH (2010) ‘Anxiety, Panic and Phobias’. Available at: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfof (Assessed: 4 March 2011). Robertson, D. (2010) The Philosophy of cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as rational and cognitive psychotherapy. London: Karmac. Shawe-Taylor, M. and Rigby, J. (1999) ‘Cognitive behaviour therapy: its evolution and basic principles’, The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 199(4), pp. 244-246. Till, R. (2007) ‘The values of recovery within mental health nursing’, Mental health practice, 11(3), pp.32-36. Westbrook, D. Kennerley, H. And Kirk, J. (2007) An Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy- skills and applications. London: Sage. How to cite Principles and practice of mental health nursing, Essay examples

Help Me Help You free essay sample

As I lay upon the brightly lit operation table just before surgery I notice the Baylor doctorate degree hanging on the wall across the hall, and I thought to myself Baylor taught him how to save me, so Baylor is where I want to be. Not many people even start thinking about college, let alone know what college they want to go to after eighteen years, so I found myself to be pretty lucky that I knew at the age of eleven. Baylor is extraordinary, incomparable, and by far stands out more than any other college I have had the pleasure to tour. Baylors campus is just gorgeous, the teaching staff is superior than that of any other campus I have researched, and the football team has beenone of my favorites for many years, and many years to come. Baylor has been a main achievement in my family since I was young. We will write a custom essay sample on Help Me Help You or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ever since I was little I have been on and off Baylors many facilities. My mother went to school at Baylor and got a BSN in nursing. She then started a part time job at the Baylor Surgical Center in Granbury, Texas. While during all of this she was raising me. As you can see my first words were practically Baylor. Baylor is the prime campus I would like to attend because I feel as if it offers so much more than your average hometown college. Baylor offers not only a grade A learning facility, but also it gives you experience and memories. Nobody ever became great at what they do from just sitting and watching or listening, they would get out there and do.They would do hands on activities, or one on one with the teacher, even tutoring every day after school if that what it took; not just sit in the back of the class and think about what party was going on that night or treat it as a blow off class. When I get in class I expect every day to be a new experience! I expect the teacher to want to teach not have to teach. The last day of school I should feel just as excited as I did the first day to learn, because the school and the teachers have made it memorable, and exciting. That is why I want to attend Baylor, because I am certain that every day will be a new learning experience, fresh day, or memory.

Japans Trade and Industry free essay sample

A look at the rise and fall of Japans economy since the end of World War II . This paper charts the changes in Japans economy since the end of World War II when Japan sprang back to productive capacity to fight off a huge inflation to modern day downfall. From the 1950s to the middle of the 1980s, Japan imported raw materials from Western countries. Trade with neighboring countries also flourished then, owing to Japans capability to reduce costs, yet the United States remained its single most important trade partner (Man), with which it exported 30% and imported 24% merchandise. Japans exports possessed certain features: it centered on a few major commodities, i.e., products of large manufacturers; it exported 55% to developed countries and 45% to developing countries (unlike other developed countries exporting 75% among themselves and only 25% to developing countries) among these major exports were motor vehicles, semiconductors, office machinery, chemicals and metals. We will write a custom essay sample on Japans Trade and Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Candelo Review essays

Candelo Review essays Because it was possible we had all been lying. Not just he and I. But all of us. To each other and to ourselves (p. 93). Within Candelo, many major events are shrouded by lies and the unwillingness to tell the truth. In fact moral truth is at the heart of this book, which describes Ursula's attempt to set a direction for herself on which right and wrong are clearly distinguished. This is explored through her relationships with her lover, her ex-lover, and with the family that is so much a presence in her life. Ursula is endeavoring to deal with present dilemmas and also with the residue of a past that has never really been resolved. Ultimately it is this unwillingness to tell the truth throughout the novel that affects the inability of many characters to live normal, well-balanced lives. As the novel progresses, Ursulas guilt concerning the events that occurred at Candelo when she was fourteen is revealed, and she must confront not only her own actions, but those of each of the people closest to home: her mother Vi, brother Simon and father Bernard. She is also forced to ask herself what Mitchell really meant to her, and how he influenced all their lives. The consequences of lying for Ursula run quite deep and she has immense difficulty throughout the novel, in defining the important as opposed to the merely momentary issues in her own life. She has reacted against her mother's call for integrity and honesty at all costs, and her father's chronic lying, by making her life a series of half-truths and deception. She justifies this trait within herself by observing similar fabrications in others when she says These are the lies I tell. These are the lies most people tell (p. 35). However she is increasingly troubled by the question of what really constitutes a petty lie and what comprises an important one when she states My mother, Violetta, has always believed that there is a divi...

Problems in Chinese Education System and steps taken to improve the Essay

Problems in Chinese Education System and steps taken to improve the system - Essay Example Nine years of education is made compulsory in China at preliminary and junior secondary level. However, there is very low government spending on education. Teaching resources are not sufficient as the enrolments in schools. China’s National Auditing Office recently released the 2003 auditing results of 18 universities in China. It was found out that there were violations of financial regulations in these universities. Furthermore, when university professor Mr. Sun Guangwen and former secretary Lin Mu were interviewed about China’s education system, they identified three major problems which are unequal opportunity, expensive tuition and difficult standards for admission. There are also issues regarding course material and teaching methods of China’s education system.... ccording to survey of China’s Academy of Social Sciences, the average education related fees of universities, high schools and elementary schools account for 30 to 60 percent of a family’s income. To the low income families residing in China who accounts up to 80 percent of Chinas population, education fees are a secondary expense to food expense (Yue & Hong, 2006). Lin Mu has identified an emerging concept of â€Å"education commercialization† in China. Schools are now a commercial business; they only keep raising their fees and emptying poor family’s pockets. Even the free schools now charge some amount of money. Professor Sun regards commercialization as wrong and has drawbacks. Commercialization is based on making money. This increases burden towards students. Schools are also required to pay bonuses to teachers. Some schools pay really high bonuses. There are three levels in a school. The first level includes the president, vice president, secretary a nd vice secretary, deans and assisted deans. These people are paid 50,000 yuan or US$ 6000 per year. The second level of staff is paid 40,000 yuan or US$ 5000 and the third level is paid 30,000 yuan or US$ 4000 per year. All this money is coming from students (Yue & Hong, 2006). Through commercialization, universities and colleges have started branding their institutes which attracts students so that they can get better jobs later. Another way for these institutes to make money is by offering short courses, training classes or post graduate certificate programs. These are affordable as the teachers only care about money. As a result, the quality of education is seriously suffering (Yue & Hong, 2006). An expert once estimated and came on a conclusion, based on the ratio and people’s income, the expense of

Conduct a social media network page and write a brief memo Essay

Conduct a social media network page and write a brief memo - Essay Example Creation of a user interface where clients can post their queries and get responses is another tool to attract more customers. Customers would prefer to get services from a person they trust, and the trust could be built through conversations at these social platforms. In our page, we have highlighted the mission of being in market and guarantee that the nutritional services we offer are the best at very economical prices. Through updates that contain advice on the kind of services we would provide to clients, we probably create attention to those seeking nutritional advice. Later on in the page, we intend to create a larger connection chain of well-known professionals in the health, nutrition and dietetics sector. More so we will update our profile with the past successes and achievements to enhance confidence among the untapped customers. We shall also keep a follow up to our customers through the social media as well and increase the number of likes through their pages and connections. With that, more attention shall be attracted to the project we are doing or intending to

Cartier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cartier - Essay Example The stimuli related to the brand that evokes various behavioural responses of the consumers are due to various features of the brand which are namely, the communications of the brand, the packaging of the products offered under the brand names and the market environment created by the brand strategies of the company (Aaker, 1996, p.47). Brand experience is of high importance to the companies in today’s market as the brand experience enjoyed by the customers creates an attachment towards preferred brands and hence, develops brand loyalty. In order to sustain business growth in the competitive markets, the companies put additional focus in including brand experience in their market strategies. By acquiring a loyal set of customer through brand experience, the companies have been able to acquire and maintain substantial market share in the industry. This piece of work includes a review of the literature on brand experience and the marketing strategies adopted by the companies in order to develop their brand experience (Aaker, 1997, p.352). The aspect of brand experience has been discussed in context to Cartier luxury brand. Literature Review The age of globalization has opened up the markets in several economies and the companies have expanded in the global markets in order to tap the potential market demand. The increase in market competition has increased the bargaining power of the customers. Over the years, the companies have observed changing trends in the customer behaviour in accepting brands from the available market options. Thus understanding the customer behaviour is important from the point of view of the companies in order to sustain their market shares. Brand experience has emerged as an important consideration for addressing the behaviour of the customers and their responses to various brands that they use in today’s competitive market. The behaviour of the customers related to brand experience depends on not one but several features o f the brand like brand personality, brand community, brand attachment, brand trust and brand love (Ariely, 1998, p.36). The brand experience could be conceptualised as the generation of feelings, sensations, emotion of the customers in response to the brand related stimuli. The concept of brand experience emerges with the classification of customer’s experience into sensory, affective, intellectual, behavioural features of the customer’s behaviour (Schmitt, Zarantonello and Brakus, 2009, p.65). The feelings generated in the customer due to the sensory stimulus refer to the customer’s response to the aesthetic features of the product. The sensory emotions within the customer are generated by the focus on beautifying the product through better packaging. The better packaging in comparison to others provides as sense of assurance and belief to the consumer. The affective component of brand experience generates different customer behaviour as a result of the underly ing belief and ideas of the customer on the particular brand. The affective behaviour of the customer is based on the direct and indirect interaction that the customer had in relation to the bran

Health Effects of Hazardous Chemicals from Old Electronics

Health Effects of Hazardous Chemicals from Old Electronics What are the effects on human health of hazardous chemicals from obsolete electronic products? With the rapid advancements in technology and engineering of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the ‘waste mountain’ of obsolete electrical products appears to be growing at an alarming rate. This essay evaluates five Internet-available resources which directly address the title in an attempt to assess the level of evidence available on the subject. The first resource to be considered is the Greenpeace webpage ‘Eliminate Toxic Chemicals’ (Greenpeace, 2007), which highlights the negative impact that electronic equipment has on the environment, particularly in relation to toxic chemicals involved in the manufacturing process. It gives companies a ‘green ranking’ which one can assume is to allow the individual consumer to make informed choice about their buying options. It also highlights the fact that there are two environmental dangers from the rapid obsolescence of today’s products – the damage caused by manufacturing, and the damage to the environment of the large amounts of waste products being disposed of. As a resource, it directly informs the topic and provides plenty of information about the issue. In terms of reliability, Greenpeace has a mixed reputation of activism and credibility, and given that many of the electronics companies themselves are listed on the site, this may add cre dibility. It may, however, simply be another marketing ploy, given that environmental issues have become the latest commercially manipulated topic to fall victim to the capitalist bandwagon. The resource seems up to date, with reports filed in June 2007. There are no authors cited, and little reference to scientific evidence in these pages themselves. However, the website is highly accessible, easy to read and easy to navigate. In criticism, the notion of the environmental impact of this issue is presented as a given, a fait accompli, with little or no critical debate on the issue. The second resource is the article by Hischier et al (2005) on waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling. The authority of the authors is established on two fronts. The first is that this is published in a peer reviewed journal, and the second is that the authors’ affiliations to a Technology institute are given. The approach is scientifically credible, but the article remains readable, giving a good literature review, and a clear discussion of two Swiss take back and recycling systems with scientific analyses (Hischier et al, 2005). However, it does require a degree of technological and scientific knowledge to read the tables and results. It is reasonably up to date, having been written and published in 2004-2005. It highlights the issues related to recycling of these products, and concludes that the proposed systems would have clear environmental advantages (Hischier et al, 2005). It also notes some of the limitations and the need for ongoing assessment of such sys tems. The third resource is an article by Poole and Simon (1997) on technological trends, product design and the environment. It is readable, accessible and easy to follow, but it’s greatest drawback is its age. However, it does demonstrate that the environmental impact of these technologies has been anticipated in the scientific literature. The authors are from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Manchester Metropolitan University, which suggests a degree of authority in addressing the subject. They demonstrate means by which products can undergo lifecycle analysis, and suggest that reducing environmental impact may come in the guise of smaller, mobile technologies (Poole and Simon, 1997). This would indeed perhaps reduce the waste volume of obsolete computational electronics, but not necessarily the environmental impact associated with the manufacturing processes of up to date products, or the challenges of recycling the materials used in original manufacture. Focusing on design trends, however, seems a positive approach in terms of longer term management of environmental insult. The fourth resource is an article by Tanskanen and Takala (2006) which looks at a simplified model for an end of life process for mobile terminals. The authority of the authors may be questionable, given that they work for Nokia. On the one hand, this may suggest considerable knowledge and acumen of the subject; on the other, a degree of bias is inevitable given their affiliation. The publication of this in a reputable journal however does offset some of the possible bias, and it is up to date. It is accessible, but considerable specialist terminology is used which affects readability. The focus on efficacy and effectiveness in recycling processes and the need for further development is clear, showing that there is a potential to reduce environmental impact but the necessity for appropriate processes to achieve this (Tanskanen and Takala, 2006). The fifth resource is by Macauley et al (2003), which is a little more dated but still within the last four years. The authors are affiliated to an environmentally focused company, and so their authority in terms of scientific or technological acumen is harder to establish. Again, the article is published in a reputable journal, is readable and in this case, easy to follow with logical discussions and some use of relevant literature. They examine the cost of computer monitor waste management in terms of environmental and health impacts of components, and cost of recycling or waste management policies (Macauley et al, 2003). There are considerable costs here, and this article demonstrates some elements of the economic minefield which characterises this debate. The authors clearly highlight the need to target research in the areas described, perhaps to lend further weight to environmentally-conscious policies of recycling and waste management (Macauley et al, 2003). These resources have demonstrated some of the dimensions of the debate on this subject. All the resources assume and demonstrate that there is an environmental (and a general health) impact of electrical and electronics waste in the light of rapid obsolescence and increasing demand for these products. While ways in which to address this are suggested, no clear resolutions are apparent, and economic and practical concerns remain a barrier to implementation of environmentally sensitive recycling policies. References Greenpeace (2007) Eliminate Toxic Chemicals http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/toxics Accessed 508-07. Hischier, R., Wager, P. and Gauglhofer, J. (2005) Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective? The environmental impacts of the Swiss take-back and recycling systems for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25 525-539. Macauley, M., Palmer, K. and Shih, J-S. (2003) Dealing with electronic waste: modelling the costs and environmental benefits of computer monitor disposal. Journal of Environmental Management 68 13-22. Poole, S. and Simon, M. (1997) Technological trends, product design and the environment. Design Studies 18 237-248. Tanskanen, P. and Takala, R. (2006) A decomposition of the end of life process. Journal of Cleaner Production 14 1326-1332.

Natural Law :: essays research papers

Natural Law The School of Natural Law Philosophy was an intellectual group of philosophers. They developed new ways of thinking about religion and government. Natural law was based on moral principles, but the overall outlook changed with the times. John Locke was a great philosopher from the middle of the 17th century. He was a primary contributor to the new ideas concerning natural law of that time. He argued that humans in the state of nature are free and equal, yet insecure in their freedom. When they enter society, they surrender only such rights as are necessary for their security and for the common good. He also believed that each individual retains fundamental prerogatives drawn from natural law relating to the integrity of the person and property. This natural rights theory was the basis of not only the American, but also the French revolution. 1 During his lifetime, he wrote many essays and letters to his colleagues on a variety of topics:2 †¢ Letter on Toleration (1689) †¢ Second Letter on Toleration (1690) †¢ Two Treatises of Government (1690) †¢ Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) †¢ Some Considerations of the Consequences of Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money (1691) †¢ Third Letter on Toleration (1692) †¢ Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693) †¢ Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money (1693) †¢ The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) †¢ A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) †¢ A Second Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) †¢ A Letter to the Bishop of Worcester (1697) †¢ Discourse on Miracles †¢ Fourth Letter for Toleration †¢ An Examination of Father Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing All Things in God †¢ Remarks on Some of Mr Norris's Books †¢ Conduct of the Understanding Locke's greatest philosophical contribution is his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In the winter of 1670, five or six friends were talking in his room, probably in London. The topic was the "principles of morality and revealed religion," but arguments arose and no real progress or serious discussion took place. Then, he goes on to say, "it came into my thoughts that we took a wrong course, and that before we set ourselves upon inquiries of that nature, it was necessary to examine our own abilities, and see what objects our understandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with." At the request of his friends, Locke agreed to write down his thoughts on this question at their next meeting, and he expected that a single sheet of paper would suffice for the purpose. Little did he realize the importance of the issue which he raised, and that it would take up his free time for nearly twenty years.

Patient Education Plan

Pamela is 30 years old and a married Filipina with a two-year-old daughter. She was born in the Philippines and came to the United States at age 13. She has a high school diploma and she attended Cal Poly Pomona and received her degree in Electrical Engineering. She works Monday thru Friday at least eight to nine hours a day and still takes work home. When Pamela was 16 years old, she had an appendectomy. She enjoys drinking alcohol every week with her friends during happy hour since she was 21 years old. Otherwise she has no other significant medical istory. Her family history is very significant especially from maternal grandmother and grandfather who passed way with diabetes and paternal grandmother who passed away with lung cancer and paternal grandfather who passed away with brain aneurysm. Her mother currently has high blood pressure and her father has nothing significant going right now. Just about a few days ago Pamela showed symptoms of abdominal pain and projectile vomiting that had her husband worried about her and took her straight to the emergency room. Her pancreatic enzymes were levated, her abdominal ultrasound and CT of the abdomen showed inflammation of her pancreas. She was then admitted for further evaluation. Introduction Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. With pancreatitis, the pancreas becomes inflamed, edematous, hemorrhagic, and necrotic. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that is located behind the stomach towards the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes, which help regulate the way your body digest glucose. Chronic pancreatitis is the progressive destruction of he pancreas as characterized by permanent loss of endocrine and exocrine function. The patient usually has chronic pain. Most studies of the pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis are performed with patients who drink alcohol as stated by Nair, Lawler & Miller (2007). The signs and symptoms for acute pancreatitis are upper abdominal pain, which could radiate to the back, you would feel worse after eating a meal and there will be nausea and vomiting. There will be tenderness when the abdomen is being touched. The signs and symptoms f chronic pancreatitis is also upper abdominal pain, weight loss, indigestion and oily and foul smelling stool. Complications of pancreatitis include breathing problems that could be due to the oxygen level is low in the blood, diabetes may occur since the pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, infection may occur and have the pancreas be vulnerable of bacteria, acute pancreatitis may lead to kidney failure which could lead to hemodialysis if it is not treated. Malnutrition could be another complication since the pancreas cannot break down the food because a few nzymes are being produced. If the chronic pancreatitis does not get treated and it’s still reoccurring it could lead to pancreatic cancer. Treatment for this disease is hospitalization to stabilize the patient. Having her not consume any food during her stay will help the pancreas recover fully. Once its in control then liquid diet and advancing the diet may be course of treatment. A nutritionist will be involved in her care. IV fluids will help her stay hydrated. Pain is another factor to this disease and pain medications will be prescribed. At discharge some alternative therapy might help alleviate the pain. As mentioned on WebMD Tylenol should be avoided (2011). Exercises, yoga and meditation might be of good help to distract her. It can’t treat what she has but it could keep her comfortable. Age and Development/Educational Need In Erickson’s developmental theory Pamela is a young adult in Erickson’s that is Intimacy and Isolation. As long you have her trust in you, I believe using direct measurement as the approach of her method of learning. Just observing her behavior can help me distinguish hether or not she will be compliant. But during our session I noticed that she is willing and eager to learn and get well soon and she has shown that she is willing to be involved with her treatment. She has verbalized her understanding of what she needs to do once she goes home. Effect on Quality of Life Pamela would have to change her life style as she recovers from being diagnosed with Pancreatitis. She has to realize that whatever she has been doing on a daily basis would have to change. Her drinking of beer during happy hour every week has to stop. She’s not a smoker, hich is great. She has to drink lots of fluids and eat less fat on her diet. She would have to eat more fruits and vegetables, consume more whole grains and water. Perceived Challenges Pamela has always enjoyed her social life in going out with her friends to happy hour every week. Having to let that go might be a little difficult, being that she has always been going out ritually since she was 21 years of age. She is considered to be a very busy person that she uses alcohol to relieve her stress. So having her to give alcohol might be somewhat of a challenge. Eventually, with the support of her family and her husband especially might help her get through this stride. I see a person who is willing and get better not just for herself but for her daughter. Summary Teaching Pamela has been an experience. She showed to be very knowledgeable and very receptive. She asked questions that were relevant to her condition and since she asked shows me that she interested in getting better. She is willing to receive the help that she needs. She has verbalized her understanding and will call her physician if any of the symptoms reoccur.

Review the education system essays

Review the education system essays Education is the essence of life. The primitive man was no better than a wild animal but that same man has now become dignified and coherent to a great extent only due to education. Education helps us throughout our life. An educated person is better equipped to face any kind of dangers or difficulties that come his way at various stages of life. He not only understands the problems better but is also able to derive more logical and enhanced solutions to the problems. An educated person knows his rights and duties and so does not sustain any wrongs done to him. Education being so important is given full attention to in India too. In India, the two most recognized patterns of secondary education are the CBSE and ICSE. Both of these are organizations that affiliate the voluntary institutions to the board. The affiliated schools are then required to follow a given syllabus that is the same countrywide. The students are then assessed by means of question papers provided which are prepared by the experts of the respective fields. This education system is somewhat good as the students are evaluated at national level and in a set pattern. But the system has more cons than pros. The worst is the presence of two boards itself. The problem is that an institute affiliated to a certain board considers any student of the other board to be below par of a student who is scoring the same in their board. This leads to the students being spellbound to a certain board and reduces the alternates available for higher education. Another problem is the syllabus. It is far too wide in scope and results in the students ending up studying all day and night long. This in turn starts to affect the health of the students. The syllabus has now, in many terms, become obsolete and the students are thus forced to study heaps of matter about topics that will by far not be of any use besides in school life. A definite solution to this is th ...

The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary Book Summary

The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary Book Summary The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is an illustrated account of the making of the movie by series author. Jeff Kinney provides a behind the scenes look at the casting and making of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movie, as well as its relationship to the Diary of a Wimpy Kid book, the first book in the series. Highlights Kinney then recounts the differing viewpoints of Hollywood executives on what the movie should be like, the initial drafts of the script and the hiring of the director. He describes the search for the perfect young actors to portray Greg and his friend Rowley and their screen test. Kinney includes sketches and essays by the young actors about the character each was to portray, which provide insight as to what they thought about their characters. Author Jeff Kinney and His Books Diary of a Wimpy KidDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick RulesDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog DaysDiary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly TruthDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin FeverDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Do-It-Yourself Book

Netflix 's Business Model and Strategy in Renting Movies and TV Case Study

Netflix 's Business Model and Strategy in Renting Movies and TV Episodes - Case Study Example Despite having constant revenues and profits, the company hit a major turnaround in 2010 that resulted in a constant decline of the company. This paper will therefore analyse Netflix case by focusing on the problems that resulted in the decline of Netflix business. The essay will also analyse alternative solutions and their application Netflix’s case. Problems That Led to the Company’s Decline The main problem that caused the decline of Netflix resulted from mismanagement of the steady growth process that the company was undergoing. By the last quarter of the 2010 trading period, Netflix’s annual revenues had reached $156 million (Arthur, 2010). This made the company’s shares to reach $170.83 that was the highest price in the company’s history. Between 2001 and 2010, the company recorded high profits but did not demonstrate any solid investment. It is possible that the company ploughed back its profits for short-term investment projects such as buil ding its customer base. The company failed to make long-term investments that would ensure its sustainability. Lack of appropriate strategies also made the company to lack perception on future changes in technology that would greatly affect the industry. The company failed to adopt new technology particularly the use of technology and the internet. Traditional renting of DVDs was replaced by online purchase of movies and TV episodes. During the trading period of 2009, the company experienced a sharp decline in revenues from renting of blockbusters and DVDs. Netflix suffered heavy losses from its purchase of association right from Hollywood Entertainment Company. In 2005, the company spend over $800 million to purchase Hollywood rights leading to its bankruptcy. Of the $800 million, Netflix recovered only $ 600 million, which did not even cover for its initial investments. The availability of alternatives methods where people can access movies or video game also affected Netflix annu al revenues making the company to incur heavy losses. Analysis Lack of a supportive business environment is the main factor that led to the decline of Netflix. Movies and video games were the only products that the company offered. Using the 4Ps analysis, Netflix’s main products were the movies and video games that were mainly targeted for the entertainment industry. The company was only involved with the marketing of the product with little or no modification on the original product. Netflix marketed its products in the form of DVDs. The company offered its products through rental service whereby customers would rent a DVD for a period ranging from one month. The price of the product depended on the duration and the package required by the customer. Netflix mailed most of movie DVDs to its customers on rental basis. Promotion is a significant aspect in marketing. However, the company seems to have failed in its advertisement strategies since it did not exploit the potentials of internet-based advertisements. The porter’s five forces are alternative marketing tools that can be used to analyse the company’s problem (Bade, & Michael, 2001). Blockbuster, Red box, and Netflix were the only competitors in the industry. This indicates that the industry had a finite number of competitors and hence minimum threat of new entrants. The competitors dealt with similar products that had

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 SLP Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 SLP - Essay Example One major implication of health care fraud and abuse is the monetary loss due to e improper activities which endanger patient safety. The United States Attorneys' offices (USAOs) are held responsible for the civil and criminal prosecution of health care providers, professionals, and other specialized business agencies who engage with health care fraud and abuse. The US government has appropriated certain amount (DOJ, 2000) from the United States Treasury general fund and they in turn must appropriate the Account for transfer some to the federal Bureau of Investigation in order to carry out the purpose and processes as described in above statements. Another implication is the intensification of health care fraud enforcement. This can never be achieved without the cooperation of other stakeholders. In fact, the FBI is one organization involved in the said cooperative effort. Federal agencies needs to collaborate with health care fraud working groups, have a liaison program among organizations and attend trainings as well as conferences. New statutory tools are believed to support ad be provided in order to combat health care fraud. Although Around $451,000 was budgeted to HCFA ($395,500) as well as the ASMB or Assistant Secretary for Management and Budget at the end of 2000 for the formal risk management operations.

Catholic Church and Artificial Birth Control Methods Research Paper

Catholic Church and Artificial Birth Control Methods - Research Paper Example The Catholic Church is emphatic on the notion that birth control is not only wrong but also a grave sin. This paper will discuss the Catholic Church or doctrine and its emphasis on the ban of artificial birth control methods. From the date of its inception, the Catholic Church has insisted that birth control is a sin. Birth control and its methods have been understood from the times of ancient Roman and Greek empires. During this period, birth control was undertaken using condoms made from animal skin and other poisons that were used as spermicidal. The Catholic Church has followed the first mention of birth control issues recorded in genesis 38:8-10. According to the catholic doctrine, this is where birth control methods have been banned in the bible. Here Onan was instructed to engage in sexual intercourse with the widow of his brother. However, in that activity, Onan withdrew his penis so that he could not impregnate her. This resulted to the slain of Onan (Jutte 142). The Catholi c Church also cites Deuteronomy 23:1 that says that a person who crushes his testicles or cuts off his member will not be allowed in the Assembly of God. Crushing testicles and cutting off the member were considered as effective ways of sterilization at that time. Therefore, the Catholic Church states that this verse is clear on the Bible’s stand on birth control issues. The ban on birth control methods were also reiterated by the Catholic Church leaders in their time. For instance, the Clement of Alexandria in 195 AD said that the seed has a divine institution towards the propagation of human species. Therefore, the seed should not be ejaculated vainly, damaged or be wasted. This assertion agrees with the song of Monty Python called Every Sperm is Sacred. During the industrial revolution in 1930, Pope Pius XI was angered by the acceptance of birth control by other churches of the Christian doctrine (Tentler 7). This made him put a casti connubii in December 1930 that read, à ¢â‚¬Å"†¦ therefore, openly departing from the uninterrupted Christian tradition some recently have judged it possible solemnly to declare another doctrine regarding this question, the Catholic Church ... in order that she may preserve the chastity of the nuptial union from being defiled by this foul stain, ... proclaims anew that any use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin.† (Genovesi 174) The Catholic Church has hold on to the ban even in modern times. The catholic doctrine states that God created sex for the procreation of children and maintain the chastity of marriage. It is in this sense that the Catholic Church forbids sex outside marriage. This is because the church emphasizes that the teachings of birth control methods should be taught and understood in t he context of marriage specifically for the husband and his wife. However, the modern day Catholic Church has slightly changed on its emphasis on birth control methods. The traditional Catholic Church did not allow for any birth control method. On the other hand, the modern Catholic Church allows married couples to use natural birth control methods (Rengel 198). The modern day Catholic Church states clearly that it does not condemn the use of pills or condoms. This

Internet Child Porn Essay Example for Free

Internet Child Porn Essay According to UNICEF, the United States and Somalia are the only two countries that have not yet ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, Somalia currently has no legally recognized government and cannot ratify anything at all, leaving the United States as the only country that still does not agree with it. The Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography reports that Bill Clinton did not submit it to the Senate for deliberation and ratification. Perhaps he was too busy with Monica Lewinsky, and maybe the Republicans under Bush were too busy in airport restrooms like Senator Larry Craig. But perhaps Obama can do something about it. Child abuse through internet pornography is growing. In fact, the United States Department of Justice approximates one million children in the United States alone, who were victims of pornographers (Levesque 65). Indeed, tougher internet child-pornography regulations need to be enforced because it continues to be rampant, digital technology has made it easier to proliferate, and the graphic pornography is increasingly becoming more brutal. Internet child pornography is rampant and increasing. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) asserts that â€Å"approximately 20% of all internet pornography involves children. † It is a â€Å"growing crisis. † The Internet Watch Foundation also reports that since 1997, internet child pornography increased by approximately 1,500%. Furthermore, internet child pornography is growing because it generates high revenue. Roger Levesque, in Sexual Abuse of Children reports that child pornography is a multi-billion dollar business. It is also one of the fastest growing internet criminal segments (Ferraro, et al. ). The growth and high demand for it is fueled by addiction, just like illegal drugs. As Ryan Singel of Wired reports, â€Å"Internet pornography is the new crack cocaine, leading to addiction, misogyny, pedophilia, boob jobs and erectile dysfunction, according to clinicians and researchers testifying before a Senate committee Thursday. † Pedophiles are addicted to child pornography, which they use for personal sexual arousal, trading with fellow pedophiles, training for future child abuse victims, or inducement for child prostitution (Crosson-Tower 208). Consequently, the high demand for addictive internet child pornography increases child abuse cases. As, the Guardian reports, â€Å"Demand for child pornography on the internet has led to an increase in sex abuse cases. † It also adds, â€Å"many paedophiles acknowledged that exposure to child sex images fuelled their fantasies and played an important part in leading them to commit physical sexual offences against children. † Unsupervised children using the internet naively are â€Å"groomed for abuse while accessing chat rooms. If the victims take the bait, they become part of future pornographic productions. The increase in popularity of social-media internet sites such as MySpace has increased these chances, whereas in the past, kidnapping by total strangers made it more difficult for pedophiles to capture victims. Moreover, the Internet Watch Foundation through the Associated Press reports that â€Å"Child pornography on the Internet is becoming more brutal and graphic, and the number of images depicting violent abuse has risen fourfold since 2003. Marlise Simons of the New York Times also reports that â€Å"even babies and infants were peddled via the Internet and other media to clients in Europe, Russia and the United States. † Indeed, the Internet facilitates the distribution of child pornography. In the section Law Enforcement Efforts Against Child Pornography Are Ineffective of Philip Jenkin’s book At Issue: Child Sexual Abuse, he points out â€Å"overwhelming evidence† that child pornography â€Å"is all but impossible to obtain through nonelectronic means. The US Department of Justice also reports that because of the Internet’s â€Å"technological ease, lack of expense, and anonymity in obtaining and distributing child pornography,† it â€Å"has resulted in an explosion in the availability, accessibility, and volume of child pornography. † Furthermore, in 2001, â€Å"There are estimated to be one million pornographic images of children on the internet, many of them featuring children from third world countries being abused by affluent sex tourists from the west† (Wellard 26). UNICEF also reports that â€Å"a single child pornography site receives a million hits a month. † In order to receive that much Internet traffic, organized crime groups use sophisticated computer technology to evade detection. Pornographers can send viruses to unwitting Internet users without their knowledge to gain control of their computers, which can be transformed into file servers that can remotely store images and videos of child pornography for downloading later. This happened to Michael Fiola, an unsuspecting man in Massachusetts who was wrongfully charged for possessing child pornography. As Matthew Healey of the Associated Press reports, â€Å"Of all the sinister things that Internet viruses do, this might be the worst: They can make you an unsuspecting collector of child pornography. † After a virus infected Fiola’s laptop and downloaded heinous pictures and videos into his computer, his employer discovered it through the internet bill, and he â€Å"was fired and charged with possession of child pornography, which carries up to five years in prison. He endured death threats, his car tires were slashed and he was shunned by friends. † But he and his wife â€Å"fought the case, spending $250,000 on legal fees. They liquidated their savings, took a second mortgage and sold their car. † Eventually, charges were dropped after prosecutors confirmed the defense findings. â€Å"It ruined my life, my wifes life and my familys life,† says Fiola. These sophisticated techniques emanates from hidden internet levels, where 50,000 to 100,000 online organized pedophiles, one-third American, gather together, as asserted by Jenkins in his book Beyond Tolerance: Child Pornography Online. With the advent of web-cams and digital photography and video, even from cell phones, home-made child porn is now easy to produce. Peer-to-peer networking, wherein internet users can share files with each other instead of downloading it, along with the use of data encryption, file division and passwords, also makes any illegal porn difficult to detect, as reported by the Internet Watch Foundation. Truly, law enforcement is weak in battling child porn. As of 2008, the International Centre for Missing Exploited Children (ICMEC) reports that 93 out of 187 countries do not have child-porn-specific laws. And out of the 94 that do have anti-child-porn laws, 36 do not criminalize the possession of child pornography. And according to Interpol statistics, only 1% of child-porn abuse victims are located each year by law enforcers, as reported by Emily Friedman in ABC News. Furthermore, violators found with images of post-pubescent minors, even if it is illegal, are often not prosecuted (Wells, et al 277). Currently, China has the most effective method in the war against child pornography. Right now, the US uses highly inefficient methods. To mitigate its image as the porn search engine of the world, Google develops software to fight child porn. In 2008, Google adapted software for its search engine to track child porn that is available through its search engine, as reported by Maggie Shiels of BBC News. The FBI also posts hyperlinks on the World Wide Web that advertise child porn. Then they raid the homes of internet users who click on the links, as Declan McCullagh writes in CNet. Moreover, the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOPP), established in 2006, attempts to target the assets or finances of organized child-porn rings, as Jamie Doward from the Guardian reports. But China simply blocks all porn and American social-media sites from the Internet. China is known very well for its internet censorship and harsh penalties for drug trafficking. Drug use in the country is one of the lowest in the world. As Reuters reports in December 2009, â€Å"The Chinese government has run a highly publicized campaign against what officials said were banned smutty and lewd pictures overwhelming the countrys Internet and threatening the emotional health of children. They also add that â€Å"China has banned a number of popular websites and Internet services, including Googles Youtube, Twitter, Flickr and Facebook, as well as Chinese content sharing sites. † Jennifer Guevin of CNET also writes, â€Å"Google acknowledged last year that the Chinese government asked it to disable a search feature with the goal of censoring pornography. † In response to CNET’s report, Myles Taylor, a reader, commented, â€Å"I wish wed take some pages from their book and start cracking down on child pornographers, pedophiles and such. † In conclusion, law enforcement on child pornography is too weak and tougher regulations need to be implemented to combat this crisis. It would be very effective and simple if the US government were willing to simply block all porno and social-media-sharing sites from the Web, but the US First Amendment would prohibit that. However, unless US lawmakers do something drastic, such as revising the US Constitution, shoppers will continue to see the photographs of missing children on milk cartons, reminding them that their child could be the next victim of thousands of pedophiles simply waiting for the next opportunity.

History of Stock Trading in India

History of Stock Trading in India Introduction Background of Exchanges The stock trading history in India is obscured in the mists of time. Historical records, as and where they exist, rarely speak about business and speculative activity except in passing. However, the origin of stock broking in the country may go back to a time, when shares, debentures and bonds representing titles to property were first issued on the condition of transfer from one person to another and the earliest record of dealings in securities in India is the East India Companys loan securities, way back in the 18th century. The first stock exchange in India, Tokyo Stock Exchange, which was founded in 1878. The countrys second stock exchange was established in Ahmedabad in 1894, followed by the Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE). CSE can also trace its origin back to 19th century. From a get together under a neem tree way back in the 1830s, the CSE was formally established in May 1908. Indias other major stock exchange National Stock Exchange (NSE), promoted by leading financial institutions, was established in April 1993. Over the years, several stock exchanges have been established in the major cities of India. There are now 23 recognised stock exchanges — Mumbai (BSE, NSE and OTC), Calcutta, Delhi, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubhaneswar, Coimbatore, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kochi, Kanpur, Ludhiana, Mangalore, Patna, Pune, Rajkot, Vadodara, Indore and Meerut. Today, most of the global stock exchanges have become highly efficient, computerised organisations. Computerised networks also made it possible to connect to each other and have fostered the growth of an open, global securities market. Though Stock Broking was practiced in Calcutta as early as 1836, the members of the broking profession had neither any code of conduct for their guidance, nor any permanent place for congregation. The centre of their activity was near a neem tree, where at present, stands the offices of the Chartered Bank (now known as Standard Chartered) on Netaji Subhas Road, Calcutta. In 1905, Chartered Bank began to construct their own building, which led brokers to shift the arena of their operation, the neighbourhood of the recent Allahabad Bank. The brokers had no shelter and business was carried on in the open place. The inconvenience of such trading, prompted brokers to organise themselves and in May 1908, an association was formed under the name and style of the Calcutta Stock Exchange Association at 2, China Bazar Street. At the time of incorporation in 1908, the Stock Exchange had 150 members. Today the total membership has risen to more than 900, which contains several corporate and institutional members. The number of companies listed on the Exchange is more than 3,500. The Annual turnover of the Exchange in 1997-98 was to the tune of Rs, 1,78,779 crores. The Calcutta Stock Exchange has been granted permanent recognition by the Central Government with effect from April 14, 1980 under the relevant provisions of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, with a view to render useful service to investors. In December 1993, SEBI directed the stock exchanges to discontinue the traditional system of carry forward of transactions (badla). Subsequently, it proposed an alternative system in March 1994, but no agreement could be reached on implementing this system. In February 1995, SEBI set up the G. S. Patel Committee (GSPC) to review the system of carry forward transactions. The GSPC submitted its report in March 1995. SEBI adopted the system recommended by the GSPC with some modifications in its decisions of July 27, 1995 and October 5, 1995. This Revised Carry Forward System (RCFS) was implemented in the BSE in January 1996, but the other exchanges in which the traditional carry forward system had been prevalent before December 1993 did not come forward to adopt the RCFS. A year after the implementation of RCFS, the President of the BSE wrote to SEBI in January 1997 requesting a relaxation of certain aspects of the RCFS to make it more practical and efficient. In its meeting of March 27, 1997, SEBI reviewed the entire sequence of developments relating to the RCFS and specifically noted that while introducing the RCFS in July 1995, SEBI had decided that the implementation of the revised carry forward system would be reviewed periodically by the Board, the first review being after three months. History of BSE An informal group of 22 stockbrokers began trading under a banyan tree opposite the Town Hall of Bombay from the mid-1850s, each investing a (then) princely amount of Rupee 1. This banyan tree still stands in the Horniman Circle Park, Mumbai. The informal group of stockbrokers organized themselves as the The Native Share and Stockbrokers Association which, in 1875, was formally organized as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). In January 1899, the stock exchange moved into the Brokers Hall after it was inaugrated by James M Maclean. After the First World War, the BSE was shifted to an old building near the Town Hall. In 1928, the plot of land on which the BSE building now stands (at the intersection of Dalal Street, Bombay Samachar Marg and Hammam Street in downtown Mumbai) was acquired, and a building was constructed and occupied in 1930. Premchand Roychand was a leading stockbroker of that time, and he assisted in setting out traditions, conventions, and procedures for the trading of stocks at Bombay Stock Exchange and they are still being followed. Several stock broking firms in Mumbai were family run enterprises, and were named after the heads of the family. The following is the list of some of the initial members of the exchange, and who are still running their respective business. D.S. Prabhudas Company (now known as DSP, and a joint venture partner with Merrill Lynch) Jamnadas Morarjee (now known as JM) Champaklal Devidas (now called Cifco Finance) Brijmohan Laxminarayan In 1956, the Government of India recognized the Bombay Stock Exchange as the first stock exchange in the country under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act. The BSE moved into its current premises the Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers in 1980. The Bombay Stock Exchange followed the familiar outcry system for stock trading up until 1995, when it was replaced by an electronic (eTrading) system named BOLT, or the BSE OnLine Trading system. In 2005, the status of the exchange changed from an Association of Persons (AoP) to a full fledged corporation under the BSE (Corporatization and Demutualization) Scheme, 2005 (and its name was changed to The Bombay Stock Exchange Limited). BSE-Sensex The BSE SENSEX (also known as the BSE 30) is a value-weighted index composed of 30 scrips, with the base April 1979 = 100. The set of companies which make up the index has been changed only a few times in the last 20 years. These companies account for around one-fifth of the market capitalization of the BSE BSE other Indices Apart from BSE SENSEX, which is the most popular stock index in India, BSE uses other stock indices as well: BSE 100 BSE 500 BSEPSU BSEMIDCAP BSESMLCAP BSEBANKEX The National Stock Exchange Of India The National Stock Exchange of India Limited has genesis in the report of the High Powered Study Group on Establishment of New Stock Exchanges. NSE was promoted by leading Financial Institutions at the behest of the Government of India and was incorporated in November 1992. It is a tax-paying company unlike other stock exchanges in the country. On its recognition as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in April 1993, NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment commenced operations in November 1994 and operations in Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000. NSE Group NSCCL, The Organization NSE.IT Ltd. India Index Services Products Ltd. (IISL) Dot Ex International Limited National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL) NSCCL, The Organization The National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd. (NSCCL), a wholly owned subsidiary of NSE, was incorporated in August 1995. It was set up with the following objectives: to bring and sustain confidence in clearing and settlement of securities; to promote and maintain, short and consistent settlement cycles; to provide counter-party risk guarantee, and to operate a tight risk containment system 2. NSE.IT Ltd NSE.IT, a 100% subsidiary of National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE), is the information technology arm of the largest stock exchange of the country. NSE.IT possesses the wealth of expertise acquired in the last six years by running the trading and clearing infrastructure of largest stock exchange of the country. NSE.IT is an Export Oriented Unit with STP and plans to go global for various IT services in due course. In the near future the company plans to release new products for Broker Back-office Operations and enhance NeatXS / Neat iXS to support Straight Through Processing on the net. 3. India Index Services Products Ltd. (IISL) India Index Services and Products Limited (IISL), a joint venture between NSE and CRISIL Ltd. (formerly the Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited). It was set up in May 1998 toIt provides a variety of indices and index related services and products for the Indian capital markets. It has a consulting and licensing agreement with Standard and Poors (SP), the worlds leading provider of investible equity indices, for co-branding equity indices. It maintains over 80 equity indices comprising broad-based benchmark indices, sect oral indices and customized indices. Many investment and risk management products based on IISL indices have been developed in the recent past, within India and abroad. These include index based derivatives traded on NSE and Singapore Exchange (SIMEX) and a number of index funds. 4. DotEx International Limited DotEx was a joint venture between i-flex Solutions Ltd. and NSE.IT Ltd. Recently NSE has taken over the shareholding and management of DotEx. DotEx was formed to provide world-class internet trading platforms which allows members of NSE to offer online trading facilities to their customers. Members of NSE can service a larger clientele by using the automated risk management features and thus increase volumes. Investors get comprehensive and updated information necessary to trade, along with a single-click convenience to fulfill their obligations The initial offering of DotEx is DotEx Plaza where multiple market participants such as members of NSE, depository participants and banks can offer web-based services to their customers. As a neutral aggregator and infrastructure provider, DotEx offers choice and convenience to investors. DotEx products may be classified under the following broad categories: Equity Trading Module Trading Module 5. National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL) In order to solve the myriad problems associated with trading in physical securities, NSE joined hands with the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) and the Unit Trust of India (UTI) to promote dematerialization of securities. Together they set up National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL), the first depository in India. NSDL commenced operations in November 1996 and has since established a national infrastructure of international standard to handle trading and settlement in dematerialized form and thus completely eliminated the risks to investors associated with fake/bad/stolen paper. List of the companies in the sensex Scope and importance of the study RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Objective: â€Å"Comparative analysis of Religare Securities Ltd. online share trading and Religare Securities Ltd. offline share trading. Sub objectives To study the procedure, product and services of online and offline share trading. To know the preference of the factors which are important in online and offline share trading. To compare the online medium with Offline medium. To know the trading status of the Religare Securities Ltd. Clients. To know the service level of the Religare Securities Ltd. RESEARCH METHOLOGYS Define the problem. Planning a research design. Planning a sample. Gathering the data. Processing and analyzing the data. Formulating conclusions and preparing the report. Define the new problem. Problems online share trading As there are couples of good advantages there are also some technical disadvantages. As every coin have two sides. Disconnection from Internet In online share trading there is the possibility that your internet connection may get slow or get stopped, this may result in disconnection from share market. At such critical times you have to call your executive (from whom you opened your trading account) and place your order or square off your pending orders.] Computer Problem If your computer stops functioning then this may also result in disconnection from share market at this time also you have contact your executive. Other Problem Other problems like electricity disconnection. Solution for this is inverter or batter backup. Data collection Sources- Primary Data. Secondary Data. Primary Data Questionnaire. Secondary Data Magazines. Journals. Websites. THEROTICAL PROSPECTIVES RELIGARE Values that bind Religare : Company Profile Religare is a leading Financial Services Brokerage House with acknowledged industry Leadership in execution and clearing services on Exchange Traded Derivatives and cash market products. Key elements that place Religare amongst the leading Brokerage Houses and makes it the preferred service provider for value based financial services are: A Client-driven foundation and strategy committed to client-specific investment needs and objectives. Integrated and innovative use of Technology enabling clients to trade offline,online and Strategic tie-ups with latest technology partners to facilitate trading access and direct processing across 400 outlets in 160 cities Client-focused philosophy backed by memberships of all principal Indian Stock and Commodity Exchanges makes Religare a preferred service provider in the Industry for value based services. Religare confidently steers you through a challenging Financial and Trade Market every moment, whether you are present or not! Religare Group Religare Securities Ltd. Religare Finevest Ltd. Religare Wealth Management Services. Religare Capital Market Ltd. Religare Finance Ltd. Religare Insurance Holding Co. Ltd. Religare Realty Ltd. Religare Venture Capital Pvt. Ltd. Religare Insurance Broking Ltd. Religare Comodities Ltd. Religare Affiliation and Distribution Network Proven and accredited leaders in the Financial Services business, Religare provides you the unique opportunity to trade offline and online while cutting across all geographic barriers. Strategic Tie-ups that provide latest technology for access and processing Trading over 425 locations across 160 cities in India 24 hour access to Account Information via the Net or Electronic File Transfer (FTP) facilities. Membership of all Principal Indian Stock and Commodity Exchanges National Stock Exchange of India Ltd (NSEIL) Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Futures Option Segment of NSEIL BSE Dubai Gold Commodities Exchange (DGCX) National Commodity Derivatives Exchange Ltd. (NCDEX) Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) OTC Exchange of India Ltd (OTCEIL) Depository Participant with NSDL CDSL Corporate Agents for Life Non-Life Insurance (both foreign / private and state owned insurance companies) One of the largest distributors of leading Mutual Funds in India Religare Research Desk Philosophy â€Å"Investing means laying out money today to receive money in real terms after taking inflation into account, tomorrow† Thats because were realistic, experienced, backed by research and study and most importantly, client-driven. Empowering the Investor The Religare Research Desk has one key objective to empower you completely with Market Knowledge, Analysis and Advisory Services to help you prosper. Our team provides expert and timely analysis on equity and commodity to help you maximize your trading decisions. We offer value perspectives, suggest strategy, focus on opportunities for investment and growth, and endeavour to reduce risk potential. Trading Ideas Daily Market Strategies Monthly Updates Investment Ideas Trading Calls Commodity Views Religare as a trading partner Religare is driven by ethical and dynamic process for wealth creation. Religare Enterprise Limited through Religare Securities Limited, Religare Finevest Limited, Religare Commodities Limited and Religare Insurance Advisory Services Limited provides integrated financial services to its corporate, retail and wealth management clients. Religare operations are managed by highly skilled professionals who subscribe to Religare philosophy and are spread across its country-wide branches. Offline Service of Religare Se curities Limited R-ALLY RELIGAREs ALLY also known as R-ALLY is a perfect partner for savvy investers. Experience the comfort of our elite dealing rooms where all your trading requirements would be taken care of by experienced, well informed and contemporary dealers. You will also have dedicated relationship managers to take care of your multiple investments needs. Online Service of Religare Securities Limited R-ALLY Lite Brouser based plateform No software installation required NSE cash segment, NSE FO and BSE on single plateform Real-time streaming quotes Multiple watch lists Alerts and triggers Hot key functions Online transfer of funds through multiple banks Access your ledger balances and account information over internet, branch and call centre Trade online and over phone at branch Access to all your accounts through your customer relationship number (CRN) Dedicated Relationship Managers for assisting multiple investment needs R-ALLY Pro Application based plateform No software installation required NSE cash segment, NSE FO and BSE on single plateform Real-time streaming quotes Multiple watch lists Alerts and triggers Hot key functions Online transfer of funds through multiple banks Access your ledger balances and account information over internet, branch and call centre Trade online and over phone at branch Access to all your accounts through your customer relationship number (CRN) Dedicated Relationship Managers for assisting multiple investment needs How we will make trade easier Personal assistance Dedicated dealers for facilitating trading and post trade needs Dedicated Relationship Managers for assisting multiple investment needs Reasearch Advisory Regular news and updates on market Research services over SMS to keep you abreast Daily and weekly technical reports A complete information report on results and performance of individual companies. Complete reports on various economic sectors and their performance along with analysis of few major companies in that sector Trading calls in Future Opinion Daily capsule of market indices and index movement, national and international corporate news, bulk trade deals and market gains and losers, information on mutual funds and their performance along with forth coming IPO traker Add-Ons Access to all your accounts through your Customer Relationship Number (CRN) Access your ledger balances and account information over internet, branches and call centre What is a depository? A depository can be compared to a bank. A depository holds securities (like shares, debentures, bonds and units) of investors in electronic form. Besides holding securities, a depository also provides services related to transactions in securities. What are the benefits of depository system? The benefits of participating in a depository are: immediate transfer of securities; no stamp duty on transfer of securities; elimination of risks associated with physical certificates such as bad delivery, fake securities etc; reduction in paperwork involved in transfer of securities; reduction in transaction cost; nomination facility; change in address recorded with Depository Participant (DP) gets registered with all companies in which investor holds securities electronically, eliminating the need to correspond with each of them separately; transmission of securities is done by DP, eliminating correspondence with companies; convenient method of consolidation of portfolios/accounts; holding investments in equity and debt instruments in a single account. What is a DP? As an investor you open a securities account with a DP. DPs are attached to the depositories very much the same way as commercial banks are attached to RBI. All interactions including account opening, dematerialization, transactions, pledge etc are done through the DP. How do I select a DP? Are all DPs the same? You can select your DP to open a demat account just like you select a bank for opening a savings account. Some of the important factors for selection of a DP can be: Convenience: proximity to the office/residence, business hours. Comfort: reputation of the DP, past association, range of services etc. Find out if the DP is in a position to give the specific service you may need. Cost: the service charges levied by DP and the service standard. What should I do when I want to open an account with a DP? The process of opening an account with a DP is similar to the opening of a bank account. You can approach any DP of your choice and fill up an account opening form. At the time of opening an account, you have tosign an agreement with DP in a National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) prescribed standard agreement, which details your rights and duties and those of your DP. All investors have to submit their proof of identity and proof of address along with the prescribed account opening form. Proof of identity: your signature and photograph must be authenticated by an existing demat account holder with the same DP or by a bank manager. Alternatively, you can submit a copy of Passport, Voters ID card, Driving license or PAN card with photograph. Proof of address: you can submit a copy of Passport, Voters ID card, Driving license, PAN card with photograph, Ration card or Bank passbook as proof of address. You must remember to take original documents to the DP for verification. Passport-size photographs Dematerialization: Dematerialization is the process by which a client can get physical certificates converted into electronic balances maintained in his account with the DP. The dematerialization system is an alternative to the physical existence of securities. In this system securities are converted into the electronic form and deposited in a depository account in the investors name. In order to dematerialize certificates, an investor will have to first open an account with a DP and then request for the dematerialization of certificates by filling up a Dematerialization Request Form (DRF), which is available with the DP, and submitting the same along with the physical certificates. The investor has to ensure that before the certificates are handed over tothe DP for demat, they are defaced by marking Surrendered for Dematerialization on the face of the certificates. Features: Holdings in only those securities that are admitted for dematerialization by National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) can be dematerialized. Structure of holding in the securities should match with the account structure of the depository account. Now shares in different order of names can also be dematted. If the shares are in the name of X and Y, the same cannot be dematerialized into the account of either X or Y alone. However if the shares are in the name of X first and Y second, and the account is in the name of Y first and X second, then these shares can be dematerialized in this account. Only those holdings that are registered in the name of the account holder can be dematerialized. Physical shares which have not been transferred and are still there with a transfer deed cannot be dematted. Only a few companies have been given the permission to offer Transfer-cum-Demat. The list of these companies can be viewed here. Can I dematerialized any share certificate? You can dematerialize only those certificates that are already registered in your name and are in the list of securities admitted for dematerialization at NSDL. All the scrips included in SP CNX Nifty and BSE Sensex have already joined NSDL. This list has more than 2,800 companies and is steadily growing. Rematerialization: Rematerialization is the process by which a client can get his electronic holdings converted into physical certificates. The client has to submit the dematerialization request to the DP with whom he has an account along with a Remat request form. The physical shares will be posted by the company directly to the clients. Trades: For all sales made by clients, the shares will have to be given to the broker, so that the Pay In can be made by the broker to the stock exchange concerned. For that its essential that the shares be transferred to the account of the broker well before the deadline date. You must confirm with your broker the settlement date and settlement number and then submit your instructions to your DP. Alsoits important to give the instructions to your DP as early as possible. Pledge: Pledge enables you to obtain loans against your dematerialized shares. So you get liquidity without having to sell your shares. A highly simplified procedure may be availed of for pledging of securities in the electronic mode. The pledged securities continue tobe reflected in the DP account of the clients (pledgor) but the concerned securities are blocked and cannot be used for any transactions. As and when the pledg